Definition of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity (ADHD)
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder that affects children, adolescents, and adults. According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), ADHD is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.
According to epidemiological studies, the global prevalence of ADHD is estimated to be between 5 and 7% in young people under the age of 18. This means that about one in 20 children would be affected by this disorder. In adults, the prevalence is more difficult to establish, but estimates vary between 2.5 and 4% of the general population.
It is important to note that these figures represent averages and that prevalence can vary significantly depending on countries and cultures. For example, a meta-analysis by Polanczyk et al. (2007) showed that the prevalence of ADHD ranged from 0.9% in China to 20% in Australia. These differences can be explained by cultural factors, differences in diagnostic practices, or genetic variations between populations.
The prevalence of ADHD also varies according to age and sex. The disorder is more often diagnosed in boys than in girls, with a ratio of about 3 to 1. However, it is possible that ADHD is under-diagnosed in girls, as they often display fewer symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity than boys, and thus attract less attention from parents and teachers. Some experts suggest that the real ratio would be closer to 2 boys for 1 girl.
ADHD is a common disorder that affects a significant proportion of the population, with variations by age, sex, and culture. To better understand its prevalence and epidemiology is essential for raising public awareness, training professionals, and developing appropriate prevention and management strategies.
Hyperactivity is characterised by excessive motor agitation…
Inattention is manifested by difficulties in maintaining focus, a tendency to be easily distracted, a lack of organization, and a propensity to avoid tasks that require sustained mental effort. Hyperactivity is characterized by excessive motor agitation, difficulty staying seated or waiting one’s turn, and a tendency to talk excessively. Impulsiveness, on the other hand, is characterised by hasty actions without prior thought, difficulty in delaying gratification, and a tendency to interrupt others.
The diagnosis of ADHD in adults presents specific characteristics and challenges that distinguish it from those made in children or adolescents. Indeed, the manifestations of the disorder evolve with age and can take on more subtle and internalized forms, making their detection more delicate.
In adults, symptoms of motor hyperactivity often tend to fade, giving way to internal agitation, impatience, and difficulties in relaxing. Impulsivity can manifest itself through hasty decision-making, frequent changes in job or relationship, or even addictions. Symptoms of inattention often remain at the forefront, with difficulties in organization, planning, time management, and task execution. These symptoms can have a significant impact on the person’s professional, familial, and social life, without being as visible as in children.
A challenge for diagnosing ADHD in adults is the high frequency of psychiatric comorbidities, which can mask or complicate the clinical picture. It is estimated that nearly 80% of adults with ADHD have at least one associated disorder, the most common being anxiety disorders, mood disorders, addictions, and personality disorders. These comorbidities must be systematically screened for and managed because they can aggravate ADHD symptoms and hinder the response to treatment.
A challenge for diagnosing ADHD in adults is the high frequency of psychiatric comorbidities…
A challenge for diagnosing ADHD in adults is the high frequency of psychiatric ccomorbidities, which can mask or complicate the clinical picture. It is estimated that nearly 80% of adults with ADHD have at least one associated disorder, the most common being anxiety disorders, mood disorders, addictions, and personality disorders. These comorbidities must be systematically screened for and managed because they can aggravate ADHD symptoms and hinder the response to treatment.
(Certified Excellence 2025)
“ADHD is a common disorder that affects a significant proportion of the population, with variations by age, sex, and culture.”
(Certified Excellence 2025)
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